{"id":2866,"date":"2023-02-08T07:07:08","date_gmt":"2023-02-08T07:07:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hsmagnet.com\/?p=2866"},"modified":"2025-09-04T06:56:23","modified_gmt":"2025-09-04T06:56:23","slug":"%e5%8e%9f%e7%90%86%e7%9a%84%e3%81%aa%e5%8f%97%e6%8c%af%e5%99%a8%e7%a3%81%e7%9f%b3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hsmagnet.com\/ja\/2023\/02\/08\/the-priciple-geophone-magnet\/","title":{"rendered":"\u53d7\u632f\u5668\u306e\u78c1\u77f3\u539f\u7406\uff1a\u7a2e\u985e\u3001\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u5fdc\u7b54\u3001\u78c1\u77f3\u306e\u9078\u629e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A geophone is a highly sensitive ground motion transducer that converts ground vibrations into electrical signals. The core components include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Magnetic Core &amp; Coil<\/strong> \u2013 An electric coil surrounds a suspended magnetic core.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Permanent Magnet<\/strong> \u2013 A case-mounted magnet creates the magnetic field.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electromagnetic Induction<\/strong> \u2013 When the ground moves, the housing moves with it while the coil tends to remain stationary. The relative motion between the coil and magnet induces a voltage, proportional to vibration velocity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This induced signal is called the <strong>seismic response<\/strong>, which seismologists and geophysicists analyze to study subsurface structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n<div class=\"root-eb-toc-4x972 wp-block-essential-blocks-table-of-contents\"><div class=\"eb-parent-wrapper eb-parent-eb-toc-4x972 \"><div class=\"eb-toc-container eb-toc-4x972  eb-toc-is-not-sticky eb-toc-not-collapsible eb-toc-initially-not-collapsed eb-toc-scrollToTop style-1 list-style-none\" data-scroll-top=\"false\" data-scroll-top-icon=\"fas fa-angle-up\" data-collapsible=\"false\" data-sticky-hide-mobile=\"false\" data-sticky=\"false\" data-scroll-target=\"scroll_to_toc\" data-copy-link=\"false\" data-editor-type=\"\" data-hide-desktop=\"false\" data-hide-tab=\"false\" data-hide-mobile=\"false\" data-itemcollapsed=\"false\" data-highlight-scroll=\"false\"><div class=\"eb-toc-header\"><h2 class=\"eb-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"eb-toc-wrapper \" data-headers=\"[{&quot;level&quot;:2,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Frequency Characteristics of Geophones&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Frequency Characteristics of Geophones&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;frequency-characteristics-of-geophones&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:2,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Types of Geophones&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Types of Geophones&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;types-of-geophones&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:3,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Vertical Geophones&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Vertical Geophones&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;vertical-geophones&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:3,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Horizontal Geophones&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Horizontal Geophones&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;horizontal-geophones&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:3,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Multi-Component (3C) Geophones&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Multi-Component (3C) Geophones&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;multi-component-3c-geophones&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:3,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Omnidirectional Geophones&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Omnidirectional Geophones&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;omnidirectional-geophones&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:2,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Geophone Magnet Selection&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Geophone Magnet Selection&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;geophone-magnet-selection&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:2,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Key Takeaways&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Key Takeaways&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;key-takeaways&quot;}]\" data-visible=\"[true,true,true,true,true,true]\" data-delete-headers=\"[{&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Frequency Characteristics of Geophones&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:&quot;frequency-characteristics-of-geophones&quot;,&quot;isDelete&quot;:false},{&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Types of Geophones&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:&quot;types-of-geophones&quot;,&quot;isDelete&quot;:false},{&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Vertical Geophones&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:&quot;vertical-geophones&quot;,&quot;isDelete&quot;:false},{&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Horizontal Geophones&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:&quot;horizontal-geophones&quot;,&quot;isDelete&quot;:false},{&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Multi-Component (3C) Geophones&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:&quot;multi-component-3c-geophones&quot;,&quot;isDelete&quot;:false},{&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Omnidirectional Geophones&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:&quot;omnidirectional-geophones&quot;,&quot;isDelete&quot;:false},{&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Geophone Magnet Selection&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:&quot;geophone-magnet-selection&quot;,&quot;isDelete&quot;:false},{&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Key Takeaways&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:&quot;key-takeaways&quot;,&quot;isDelete&quot;:false}]\" data-smooth=\"true\" data-top-offset=\"\"><div class=\"eb-toc__list-wrap\"><ul class=\"eb-toc__list\"><li><a href=\"#frequency-characteristics-of-geophones\">Frequency Characteristics of Geophones<\/a><li><a href=\"#types-of-geophones\">Types of Geophones<\/a><ul class=\"eb-toc__list\"><li><a href=\"#vertical-geophones\">Vertical Geophones<\/a><li><a href=\"#horizontal-geophones\">Horizontal Geophones<\/a><li><a href=\"#multi-component-3c-geophones\">Multi-Component (3C) Geophones<\/a><li><a href=\"#omnidirectional-geophones\">Omnidirectional Geophones<\/a><\/li><\/ul><li><a href=\"#geophone-magnet-selection\">Geophone Magnet Selection<\/a><li><a href=\"#key-takeaways\">Key Takeaways<\/a><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequency Characteristics of Geophones<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Natural Frequency<\/strong> \u2013 The frequency at which the geophone naturally oscillates (commonly ~10 Hz).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spurious Frequency<\/strong> \u2013 An upper limit beyond which the geophone cannot reliably measure (commonly ~250 Hz).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Geophones can only monitor frequencies above their natural frequency. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Surface wave studies \u2192 require <strong>low-frequency geophones<\/strong> (&lt;5 Hz).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Refraction surveys \u2192 typically use <strong>10\u201328 Hz geophones<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reflection surveys \u2192 often use <strong>10\u201340 Hz geophones<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc49 <strong>Trade-off<\/strong>: Low-frequency geophones capture deeper signals but with less resolution, while high-frequency geophones capture more detail but at shallower depths.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/hsmagnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Graph-comparing-geophone-frequency-response-showing-low-frequency-depth-detection-versus-high-frequency-resolution-1024x683.webp\" alt=\"Graph comparing geophone frequency response showing low-frequency depth detection versus high-frequency resolution\" class=\"wp-image-13553\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hsmagnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Graph-comparing-geophone-frequency-response-showing-low-frequency-depth-detection-versus-high-frequency-resolution-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/hsmagnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Graph-comparing-geophone-frequency-response-showing-low-frequency-depth-detection-versus-high-frequency-resolution-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/hsmagnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Graph-comparing-geophone-frequency-response-showing-low-frequency-depth-detection-versus-high-frequency-resolution-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/hsmagnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Graph-comparing-geophone-frequency-response-showing-low-frequency-depth-detection-versus-high-frequency-resolution-600x400.webp 600w, https:\/\/hsmagnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Graph-comparing-geophone-frequency-response-showing-low-frequency-depth-detection-versus-high-frequency-resolution.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types of Geophones<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vertical Geophones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Best for refraction and surface wave studies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sensitive to vertical ground motion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Horizontal Geophones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Preferred for near-surface reflection surveys.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advantages:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reduce refracted wave interference<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Measure shear wave velocities for better resolution<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Multi-Component (3C) Geophones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Contain three sensors: one vertical, two horizontal (90\u00b0 apart).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Capture full 3D ground motion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Common in <strong>HVSR (Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio)<\/strong> and advanced monitoring projects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Omnidirectional Geophones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Function regardless of orientation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Useful in environments where sensor alignment is challenging.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Geophone Magnet Selection<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Permanent magnets are critical for geophone performance, directly influencing <strong>sensitivity, stability, and accuracy<\/strong>. Common magnet types include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Magnet Type<\/th><th>Advantages<\/th><th>Limitations<\/th><th>Use in Geophones<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>AlNiCo<\/strong><\/td><td>High accuracy, thermal stability, cost-effective<\/td><td>Lower maximum energy product<\/td><td>Still regarded as the most suitable due to stability and precision<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)<\/strong><\/td><td>High temperature resistance, corrosion-resistant<\/td><td>More expensive<\/td><td>Used in specialized geophones<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Neodymium (NdFeB)<\/strong><\/td><td>Very strong magnetic field, compact design<\/td><td>Susceptible to corrosion, less stable in high temperatures<\/td><td>Sometimes used but not ideal for long-term accuracy<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc49 Despite advances in rare earth magnets, <strong>AlNiCo remains the preferred choice<\/strong> because of its excellent accuracy, stability, and cost-effectiveness for seismic applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/hsmagnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Three-Component-Geophone.webp\" alt=\"Three Component Geophone\" class=\"wp-image-13554\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hsmagnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Three-Component-Geophone.webp 560w, https:\/\/hsmagnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Three-Component-Geophone-300x214.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Geophones rely on electromagnetic induction between coils and permanent magnets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Frequency selection depends on survey type: low-frequency for deep investigations, higher-frequency for resolution.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Different geophone orientations (vertical, horizontal, 3C, omnidirectional) serve specialized purposes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>While NdFeB and SmCo offer advantages, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/hsmagnet.com\/magnetic-materials\/alnico-magnets\/\">AlNiCo magnets<\/a> are still the gold standard for geophones<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u53d7\u632f\u5668\u306f\u3001\u5730\u76e4\u306e\u632f\u52d5\u3092\u96fb\u6c17\u4fe1\u53f7\u306b\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u611f\u5ea6\u5730\u76e4\u632f\u52d5\u5909\u63db\u5668\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4e3b\u306a\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3068\u304a\u308a\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8a98\u5c0e\u4fe1\u53f7\u306f\u5730\u9707\u5fdc\u7b54\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3001\u5730\u9707\u5b66\u8005\u3084\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u3053\u308c\u3092\u89e3\u6790\u3057\u3066\u5730\u4e0b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13552,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25,22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2866","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-alnico-magnet","category-magnetic-applicaitons"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Geophone Magnet Principle: Frequency, Types, and Why AlNiCo Is Preferred<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how geophones work, their frequency characteristics, and the role of permanent magnets. 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